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1、Winners and Losers Why are the biggest winners in the past decade of trade globalization mostly in South and East Asia,whereas the biggest losers are mostly in the former Soviet bloc（集团） and sub-Saharan Africa? History is a partial guide：East Asia has a long trading tradition,lately reinvigorated（给以新的活力） by the Chinese adoption of market economics.The Soviet Union,on the other hand,was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 years.In Africa,some countries are disadvantaged because of inadequate infrastructure（基础结构）; many countries have little to trade but commodities,the prices of which have fallen in recent years.In some regions,certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies,often under pressure from International Monetary Fund.First among these is Russia.which in the early 1990s tried to embrace capitalism before first building the institutions that make capitalism work,such as an independent bank system,a system of business law, and all adequate method for collecting taxes.Encouraged by the IMF the World Bank and the U.S.Department of the Treasury, President Boris Yeltsin‘s regime privatized the state.owned industrial sector, creating a class of oligarchs（寡头政治集团成员）, who, knowing how unstable conditions were at home.sent their money abroad instead of investing it at home.In contrast,China,the biggest winner from globalization,did not follow the IMF formula.Of the former states of the Soviet bloc,only a few,notably Poland and Hungary, managed to grow, which they did by ignoring IMF advice and adopting expansionary plans.including spending more than they collected in taxes.Botswana and Uganda are also Success stories：despite their disadvantages,their countries achieved vigorous growth by creating stable civil societies,liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter to IMF prescriptions.

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1、Japan has a long trading tradition.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not Mentioned

2、Russia was wrongly guided by the IMF.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not Mentioned

3、All African countries followed the IMF formula.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not Mentioned

4、The Soviet Union was a capitalist country.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not Mentioned

5、Australia is one of the biggest winners from globalization.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not Mentioned

6、China did not take IMF advice.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not Mentioned

7、Many high officials in Russia have much benefited from privatization.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not Mentioned

答案：

1、【正确答案】 A【答案解析】 这道题的依据是第一段中的一句话：East Asia has a long trading tradition. 日本是东亚国家，因而具有悠久的贸易历史。

2、【正确答案】 A【答案解析】 本题的依据可以在第二段的开头找到，文章说有些国家常常是在有压力的情况下采取了国际货币基金组织（IMF）误导的政策，俄罗斯就是这些国家中的一个。

3、【正确答案】 B【答案解析】 在文章的最后一段提到了一些因为没有按照IMF的模式去发展而获得成功的例子，其中提到两个非洲国家Botswana和Uganda，因而说所有非洲国家都采纳IMF模式的说法是不对的。

4、【正确答案】 B【答案解析】 第一段里有句话：The Soviet Union, on the other hand, was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 year．70多年不搞市场经济的国家自然不会是资本主义国家。

5、【正确答案】 C【答案解析】 文中没有提到澳大利亚。

6、【正确答案】 A【答案解析】 本题的依据是文章最后一段的第一句话： ...China, the biggest, winner from globalization, did not follow the IMF formula. 即中国没有按照IMF的建议去做。

7、【正确答案】 C【答案解析】 在第二段的末尾讲到前苏联搞私有化的事，但没有说有高官在私有化过程中受益。

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